Kwizixeko ezikhulu, iibhayisekile ezisebenzisa umbane kunye namandla okuhamba ngeenyawo ukuthwala imithwalo enzima zithatha indawo yeelori eziqhelekileyo zokuhambisa.
Rhoqo ngoLwesibini, indoda eselunxwemeni ekhwele ibhayisekile engaqhelekanga ima ebaleni ngaphandle kwevenkile ye-ayisikhrim kaKate ePortland, eOregon, ukuze ifumane iimpahla ezintsha.
Wafaka iibhokisi ezingama-30 zempahla kaKate—i-ayisikhrim ye-vegan ene-waffle cones kunye ne-marionberry cobbler—ebhegini yefriji, waza wayifaka kunye nezinye iimpahla kwibhokisi yentsimbi efakwe ngasemva kwesihlalo. Ethwele umthwalo ofikelela kwiikhilogram ezingama-600, waqhuba imoto waya kumntla-mpuma weSandy Boulevard.
Ukutsiba ngakunye kwepedali kuphuculwa yimoto yombane engathethiyo efihliweyo kwitshasi. Nangona wayelawula imoto yorhwebo enobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-4, wayehamba ngendlela yebhayisekile.
Emva kwemayile enesiqingatha, i-tricycle yafika kwindawo yokugcina impahla i-B-line Urban Delivery. Le nkampani ikumbindi wesixeko, kufutshane noMlambo iWillamette. Uthulula iimpahla kwiindawo zokugcina impahla ezincinci neziphakathi kuneendawo zokugcina impahla ezinkulu ezidla ngokuthwala iipakethe.
Inxalenye nganye yale meko yahlukile kwiindlela ezininzi zokuhambisa iibhayisekile ezikhawulezayo namhlanje. Kulula ukucinga ngenkonzo ye-B-line njengenye into engaqhelekanga ePortland. Kodwa iiprojekthi ezifanayo ziyanda kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseYurophu ezifana neParis neBerlin. Yayisemthethweni eChicago; yamkelwe eNew York City, apho iAmazon.com Inc. inazo iibhayisekile zombane ezingama-200 ezinjalo zokuhambisa.
UKatelyn Williams, umnini we-ayisikhrim, uthe: “Kusoloko kuluncedo ukungabi nelori enkulu yedizili.”
Le yeyona nto ifunekayo ukuze kunikezelwe ihlabathi leebhayisekile zombane okanye iibhayisekile zombane ezinamavili amathathu ezisatshintshayo. Luluhlu lweebhayisekile ezincediswa ziipedali zombane eziye zathandwa kakhulu ngexesha lobhubhane. Abacebisi bathi izithuthi zombane ezincinci zinokuhamba kumgama omfutshane kwaye zihambise iimpahla ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi kwisixeko, ngelixa zinciphisa ukuxinana, ingxolo kunye nongcoliseko olubangelwa ziilori ze-forklift.
Nangona kunjalo, olu qoqosho alukabonakali ezitalatweni zase-United States ezithanda iimoto. Le ndlela ifuna ukucingisiswa ngokutsha ngendlela iimpahla ezingena ngayo esixekweni. Uhlobo olutsha lwangaphandle luqinisekile ukuba luza kubangela ingxabano kwiindawo ezisele zigcwele iimoto, abakhweli beebhayisekile kunye nabahamba ngeenyawo.
Iibhayisekile zemithwalo yombane zisisombululo esinokwenzeka kwenye yezona ngxaki zinzima kwi-logistics. Uzifumana njani iimpahla ngekhonkco lokugqibela ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla ukuya emnyango?
Intloko ebuhlungu kukuba nangona umnqweno wokwenza izinto ubonakala ungenamda, indawo esecaleni kwendlela ayinamda.
Abemi basezidolophini sele beqhelene neeveni ezipakishiweyo (nezipakishwe kwakhona) kunye neetram ezinezibane eziyingozi ezikhanyayo. Kwabadlulayo, oku kuthetha ukuxinana kweemoto kunye nongcoliseko lomoya. Kwabathuthi, oku kuthetha iindleko eziphezulu zokuhambisa kunye namaxesha okuhambisa acothayo. Ngo-Okthobha, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington bafumanise ukuba iilori zokuhambisa zichithe i-28% yexesha lazo lokuhambisa zikhangela iindawo zokupaka.
UMary Catherine Snyder, umcebisi wezokupaka kwiSixeko saseSeattle, uthe: “Imfuno yeendlela zokupaka iphezulu kakhulu kunokuba besiyifuna ngokwenene. Isixeko saseSeattle sizame ii-tricycles zombane ne-UPS Inc. kunyaka ophelileyo.
Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 uye wandisa isiphithiphithi. Ngexesha lokuvalelwa, amashishini eenkonzo ezifana ne-UPS kunye ne-Amazon afumene iincopho. Iofisi isenokuba ayinamntu, kodwa indlela esecaleni kwedolophu ivalwe kwakhona ngabasebenzi abahambisa ukutya abasebenzise iinkonzo zeGrubhub Inc. kunye neDoorDash Inc. ukuthutha ukutya ukusuka kwindawo yokutyela ukuya ekhaya.
Olu vavanyo luyaqhubeka. Ezinye iinkampani zezothutho zivavanya ukuba umthengi uyakwazi na ukukwazi ukuphepha ucango, endaweni yoko zifake iipakethe kwiilokha, okanye kwimeko yeAmazon, kwibhuthi yemoto. Iidrone zinokwenzeka, nangona zinokuba zibiza kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthutha izinto ezikhaphukhaphu nezinexabiso eliphezulu ezifana namayeza.
Abacebisi bathi ii-tricycles ezincinci neziguquguqukayo zikhawuleza kuneelori kwaye zikhupha ukukhutshwa kobushushu obuncinci. Ziyakwazi ukulawuleka lula xa kukho izithuthi, kwaye zinokupakishwa kwindawo encinci okanye nakwindlela yabahambi ngeenyawo.
Ngokutsho kophando malunga neebhayisekile zombane ezithuthwayo kwiYunivesithi yaseToronto kunyaka ophelileyo, ukutshintsha iilori zokuhambisa rhoqo ngeebhayisekile zombane ezithuthwayo kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngeetoni ze-1.9 ngonyaka-nangona iibhayisekile ezininzi zombane kunye neelori zokuhambisa rhoqo zihlala zifuneka.
I-CEO ye-B-line kunye nomseki uFranklin Jones (uFranklin Jones) uthe kwi-webinar yakutshanje ukuba okukhona uluntu luxinene, kokukhona ixabiso lokuthuthwa ngebhayisekile liphantsi.
Ukuze iibhayisekile zombane ziphumelele, kufuneka kwenziwe utshintsho olubalulekileyo: ii-warehouse ezincinci zasekuhlaleni. Uninzi lweenkampani ze-logistics zilungisa ii-warehouse zazo ezinkulu ecaleni kwesixeko. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lweebhayisekile lufutshane kakhulu, zifuna izibonelelo ezikufutshane. Zibizwa ngokuba zii-mini hubs.
Le ndawo incinci ebizwa ngokuba yihotele yezothutho sele isetyenziswa eParis. Kula manxweme, inkampani entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiReef Technology iphumelele i-$700 yezigidi kwinkxaso-mali yesikhungo sayo kwindawo yokupaka iimoto kwisixeko kwinyanga ephelileyo ukuze ibandakanye ukuhanjiswa kwempahla okuya kudlula ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokutsho kweBloomberg News, iAmazon ikwamisele amaziko amancinci okusasaza ayi-1,000 kulo lonke elaseMelika.
USam Starr, umcebisi ozimeleyo wezothutho oluzinzileyo eKhanada, uthe ukuze kusetyenziswe iibhayisekile zezothutho, la mavili mancinci kufuneka asasazeke ngaphakathi kwe-radius yeemayile ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-6, kuxhomekeke kubuninzi besixeko.
E-United States, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iziphumo zothutho lwe-elektroniki azikacaci. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-UPS ifumanise kuvavanyo lweebhayisekile ezinamavili e-e-cargo eSeattle ukuba ibhayisekile ihambisa iipakeji ezimbalwa kakhulu ngeyure kuneelori eziqhelekileyo kuluntu oluxakekileyo lwaseSeattle.
Olu phononongo lukholelwa ukuba uvavanyo oluthatha inyanga enye kuphela lunokuba lufutshane kakhulu ukuba lungakwazi ukuhanjiswa kweebhayisekile. Kodwa lukwabonise ukuba inzuzo yeebhayisekile—ezincinci—nayo ikwabubuthathaka.
Olu phononongo luthe: “Iibhayisekile zombane ezithwala imithwalo zisenokungasebenzi kakuhle njengeelori.” Umthamo wazo omncinci wemithwalo uthetha ukuba zinokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa rhoqo xa zityelela, kwaye kufuneka ziphinde zilayishe rhoqo.”
KwiSixeko saseNew York, usomashishini ogama linguGregg Zuman, umsunguli weRevolutionary Rickshaw, ebezama ukuzisa iibhayisekile zombane ezithwala impahla kubantu abaninzi kangangeminyaka eli-15 edlulileyo. Usasebenza nzima nangoku.
Ingcinga yokuqala kaZuman yayikukudala iqela lee-tricycles zombane ngo-2005. Oko akuhambelani neholo yeeteksi zesixeko. Ngo-2007, uMphathiswa Wezithuthi wagqiba kwelokuba iibhayisekile zorhwebo zinokuqhutywa ngabantu kuphela, oko kuthetha ukuba aziyi kuqhutywa ziimoto zombane. I-rickshaw yoguquko yamiswa iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.
Unyaka ophelileyo yayilithuba lokuphelisa ingxaki. Abemi baseNew York, njengabemi basezidolophini kwihlabathi liphela, bathanda ii-scooter ezisebenzisa umbane ezitratweni kunye neebhayisekile ezincediswa ngombane.
NgoDisemba, iSixeko saseNew York savuma uvavanyo lweebhayisekile zombane eManhattan ziinkampani ezinkulu zothutho ezifana ne-UPS, i-Amazon kunye ne-DHL. Kwangaxeshanye, ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zokuhamba ezifana neBird, i-Uber kunye neLime bajonge imakethi enkulu yelizwe baza bacenga ipalamente yelizwe ukuba ivumele ii-scooters kunye neebhayisekile zombane ukuba zisebenze ngokusemthethweni. NgoJanuwari, uRhuluneli u-Andrew Cuomo (D) warhoxa kwimpikiswano yakhe waza wamisela umthetho-sivivinywa.
UZuman uthe: “Oku kusenza sinikezele.” Ubonise ukuba phantse zonke iibhayisekile zombane ezithengiswayo ezithengiswayo zinobubanzi obuyi-intshi ezingama-48 ubuncinane.
Umthetho welizwe awuthethi nto ngemiba yeebhayisekile zombane ezithwala impahla. Kwizixeko nakwiiphondo, ukuba kukho imithetho, yahlukile kakhulu.
Ngo-Okthobha, iChicago yaba sesinye sezixeko zokuqala ukumisela imithetho. Ooceba besixeko bavumile imithetho evumela iilori zombane ukuba ziqhube kwiindlela zeebhayisekile. Zinomda wesantya esiphezulu se-15 mph kunye nobubanzi beenyawo ezi-4. Umqhubi udinga ipasi yebhayisekile kwaye ibhayisekile kufuneka ipakwe kwindawo yokupaka eqhelekileyo.
Kwiinyanga ezili-18 ezidlulileyo, inkampani enkulu yezorhwebo lwe-elektroniki kunye nothutho yathi ithumele iibhayisekile zombane ezimalunga nama-200 eManhattan naseBrooklyn, kwaye iceba ukuphuhlisa esi sicwangciso kakhulu. Ezinye iinkampani zezothutho ezifana neDHL kunye neFedEx Corp. nazo zinabaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha ze-elektroniki, kodwa azinkulu njengeAmazon.
UZuman uthe, “Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, iAmazon iza kukhula ngokukhawuleza kweli shishini.” “Baphakama ngokukhawuleza phambi komntu wonke.”
Imodeli yeshishini leAmazon iyaphikisana ne-B-line yasePortland. Ayihambi ukusuka kumthengisi ukuya evenkileni, kodwa ukusuka evenkileni ukuya kumthengi. I-Whole Foods Market Inc., ivenkile enkulu ephethwe yi-Amazon, ihambisa ukutya kwindawo yaseBrooklyn eManhattan naseWilliamsburg.
Ngaphezu koko, uyilo lwezithuthi zayo zombane nalo lwahluke ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ebonisa indlela eli shishini elisebenza kakuhle ngayo kweli nqanaba liselula.
Iimoto zeAmazon azizii-tricycles. Le yibhayisekile yombane eqhelekileyo. Ungayitsala itreyila, uyikhulule, uze ungene kwigumbi lokungena lesakhiwo. (UZuman uyibiza ngokuba “yi-wheelbarrow yezityebi”.) Phantse zonke iibhayisekile zombane zemithwalo zenziwa eYurophu. Kwamanye amazwe, iibhayisekile zombane zisetyenziswa njengee-strollers okanye iivenkile zokutya.
Uyilo lukwimephu yonke. Abanye abantu benza umkhweli ahlale nkqo, ngelixa abanye begobile. Abanye babeka ibhokisi yemithwalo ngasemva, abanye babeka ibhokisi ngaphambili. Abanye bakwindawo evulekileyo, ngelixa abanye besonga umqhubi ngeplastiki ebonakalayo ukuthintela imvula.
UJones, umseki wePortland, uthe isixeko sasePortland asidingi layisenisi ye-B-line kwaye akufuneki sihlawule naziphi na iifizi. Ukongeza, umthetho waseOregon uvumela iibhayisekile ukuba zibe neempawu zoncedo olunamandla-ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,000 watts-ukuze ibhayisekile ibe nesantya esihambelana nokuhamba kwezithuthi kwaye ibe nomtsalane wokuvumela nabani na ukuba anyuke intaba.
Uthe: “Ngaphandle kwezi, besingenakukwazi ukuqesha abakhweli abahlukeneyo, kwaye bekungayi kubakho xesha lihambelanayo lokuhambisa esilibonileyo.”
Umgca B ukwanabathengi. Le yindlela yokuhambisa iimveliso zasekuhlaleni zeNew Seasons Market, oluluhlu lwengingqi lweevenkile zokutya ezili-18 eziphilayo. UCarlee Dempsey, uMphathi wezoThutho lweZibonelelo zeNew Seasons, uthe esi sicwangciso saqala kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo, senza iB-line ibe ngumlamli wezothutho phakathi kwababoneleli bezokutya basekuhlaleni abali-120.
I-New Seasons inika ababoneleli ngenzuzo eyongezelelweyo: ifikelela kwi-30% yemali abayityalayo kumgca B. Oku kubanceda baphephe abasasazi bezinto zokutya abaqhelekileyo abaneentlawulo eziphezulu.
Omnye umthengisi onjalo nguAdam Berger, umnini wePortland Company Rollenti Pasta. Ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukusebenzisa i-B-line, kufuneka athumele kwiNew Seasons Markets ne-Scion xB yakhe encinci imini yonke.
Wathi: “Bekungonakali nje.” “Ukusasazwa kweekhilomitha zokugqibela kuko okusibulalayo sonke, nokuba zizinto ezomileyo, abalimi okanye abanye.”
Ngoku, wanikela ibhokisi yepasta kwi-B-line transporter waza wayinyathela waya kwindawo yokugcina impahla ekumgama weemayile ezili-9 ukusuka apho. Emva koko zithuthwa kwiivenkile ezahlukeneyo ngeelori eziqhelekileyo.
Uthe: “NdingowasePortland, ngoko ke konke oku kuyinxalenye yebali. Ndingumntu wasekuhlaleni, ndingumchweli. Ndivelisa iibhayisekile ezincinci. Ndifuna ukwenza ukuhanjiswa kweebhayisekile kusebenze ngendlela efanelekileyo kumsebenzi wam.” “Kuhle kakhulu.”
Iirobhothi zokuhambisa kunye nezithuthi zombane. Umthombo womfanekiso: I-Starship Technologies (irobhothi yokuhambisa) / I-Ayro (isithuthi esisetyenziselwa imisebenzi emininzi)
Umfanekiso ukufutshane nezixhobo zokuhambisa iimpahla zeStarship Technologies kunye nesithuthi sombane iAyro Club Car 411. IStarship Technologies (irobhothi yokuhambisa) / iAyro (isithuthi esinemisebenzi emininzi)
Oosomashishini abaliqela babhekisa i-micro-ray kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambisa. I-Arcimoto Inc., umenzi wezithuthi zombane ezinamavili amathathu e-Oregon, uyamkela ii-odolo zenguqulelo yokugqibela ye-Deliverator. Omnye umntu ongene kwi-akhawunti yi-Ayro Inc., umenzi welori encinci yombane eTexas enesantya esiphezulu se-25 mph. Malunga nobukhulu benqwelo yegalufa, izithuthi zayo zithutha kakhulu ilinen kunye nokutya kwiindawo ezizolileyo zezithuthi ezifana neendawo zokungcebeleka kunye neekhampasi zeyunivesithi.
Kodwa i-CEO uRod Keller uthe inkampani ngoku iphuhlisa uhlobo olunokuqhutywa endleleni, olunendawo yokugcina ukutya komntu ngamnye. Umthengi lishishini lokutyela elifana neChipotle Mexican Grill Inc. okanye iPanera Bread Co., kwaye bazama ukuhambisa iimpahla emnyango womthengi ngaphandle kokuhlawula iindleko ezihlawuliswa yinkampani yokuhambisa ukutya ngoku.
Kwelinye icala kukho iirobhothi ezincinci. I-Starship Technologies eseSan Francisco iphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza imakethi yayo yezithuthi ezisebenzisa amavili amathandathu ngaphandle kwendlela, engadluli kwii-cooler zebhiya. Zingahamba umgama weemayile ezi-4 kwaye zilungele ukuhamba ngeenyawo.
Njenge-Ayro, yaqala ekhampasini kodwa iyanda. Le nkampani ithe kwiwebhusayithi yayo: “Ngokusebenzisana neevenkile kunye neendawo zokutyela, senza ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zasekuhlaleni kube ngokukhawuleza, ngobuchule nangokungabizi kakhulu.”
Zonke ezi zithuthi zineemoto zombane, ezineenzuzo ezilandelayo: zicocekile, zizolile kwaye kulula ukuzitshaja. Kodwa emehlweni abacwangcisi besixeko, inxalenye "yemoto" iqalile ukufiphaza imida ebikade yahlula iimoto kwiibhayisekile.
“Utshintshe nini ukusuka kwibhayisekile ukuya kwisithuthi?” ubuze usomashishini waseNew York uZuman. “Le ngomnye wemida engacacanga ekufuneka sijongane nayo.”
Enye yeendawo apho izixeko zaseMelika ziqala ukucinga ngendlela yokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla nge-elektroniki yimayile yesikwere eSanta Monica, eCalifornia.
Lo msitho uza kuba yiMidlalo yeOlimpiki yaseLos Angeles ka-2028. Imanyano yengingqi inethemba lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi kwiipayipi ezikhupha umoya kwiindawo zezixeko ngekota ngelo xesha, kuquka nomgomo onesibindi wokuguqula ama-60% eelori zokuhambisa eziphakathi zibe ziilori zombane. NgoJuni walo nyaka, iSanta Monica iphumelele isibonelelo se-$350,000 ukudala indawo yokuqala yokuhambisa umoya kweli lizwe engenakukhutshwa komoya.
ISanta Monica ayinakuzikhulula nje kuphela, kodwa ikwagcina imida eli-10 ukuya kuma-20, kwaye yiyo kuphela (kunye nezinye izithuthi zombane) ezinokupaka le mida. Ziindawo zokuqala zokupaka iimoto ze-elektroniki kweli lizwe. Ikhamera iya kulandelela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo le ndawo.
“Olu luphando lokwenyani. Olu luvavanyo lokwenyani.” utshilo uFrancis Stefan, ophethe le projekthi njengegosa eliyintloko lezokuhamba eSanta Monica.
Indawo yesixeko engenakukhutshwa komoya emantla eLos Angeles ibandakanya indawo esembindini wedolophu kunye neThird Street Promenade, enye yezona ndawo zixakekileyo zokuthenga eMzantsi California.
“Ukukhetha indlela ecaleni kwendlela yeyona nto ibalulekileyo,” utshilo uMatt Peterson, usihlalo weTransportation Electrification Cooperation Organisation eyakhetha iSanta Monica. “Unabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwindawo yokutya, kwindawo yokuhambisa, kwindawo [yeshishini ukuya kwishishini].”
Le projekthi ayizukuqala kangangeenyanga ezintandathu, kodwa iingcali zithi iingxabano phakathi kweebhayisekile zombane kunye nezinye iindlela zeebhayisekile azinakuphepheka.
ULisa Nisenson, ingcali yokuhambahamba kwi-WGI, inkampani yoyilo lweziseko zophuhliso zikawonke-wonke, uthe: “Ngequbuliso, kwabakho iqela labantu elalisiya kukhwela ihashe, abantu abahamba ngeenyawo kunye nabantu bezoshishino.” “Kwaqala ukuxinana.”
Umcebisi wezokuthutha impahla uStarr uthe ngenxa yokuba zincinci, iinqanawa zemithwalo ze-elektroniki zinokumiswa ecaleni kwendlela, ingakumbi “kwindawo yefenitshala”, enabantu abagcina iibhokisi zeposi, iindawo zokuthengisa amaphephandaba, izithuba zezibane kunye nemithi.
Kodwa kuloo ndawo imxinwa, iibhayisekile zombane ezithwala impahla zihamba ecaleni kweetreyi zeemoto ezisebenzisa kakubi amalungelo: ii-scooter zombane zidume ngokuthintela ukuhamba kwabantu kwizixeko ezininzi.
U-Ethan Bergson, isithethi seSebe lezoThutho laseSeattle, uthe: “Kungumceli mngeni ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bapaka ngendlela eyiyo ukuze bangabangeli imiqobo abantu abakhubazekileyo endleleni.”
UNissensen uthe ukuba izithuthi ezincinci nezikhawulezayo zokuhambisa impahla zinokuhambelana nale ndlela, izixeko zinokufuna ukwenza iseti enye endaweni yoko akubiza ngokuba “ziindlela ezihambayo”, oko kukuthi, iiseti ezimbini zabantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nenye yamashishini alula.
Kukwakho nethuba kwenye indawo ye-asphalt eshiywe de kwangoku kwiminyaka yakutshanje: ii-alleys.
“Uqala ukucinga ngokubuyela kwixesha elizayo, ukuthatha eminye imisebenzi yorhwebo esitratweni esikhulu uye ngaphakathi, apho kusenokungabikho mntu ngaphandle kwabathuthi benkunkuma okunengqiqo?” ubuze uNisensen.
Enyanisweni, ikamva lokuhanjiswa kwamandla amancinci lisenokubuyela kwixesha elidlulileyo. Uninzi lweelori zedizili ezingasebenzi kakuhle neziphefumlayo ezifuna ukutshintshiselwa ziibhayisekile zombane ezithwala impahla ziphantsi kolawulo lwe-UPS, inkampani eyasekwa ngo-1907.